Prognostic role of serum C-reactive protein in carcinoma oesophagus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20195408Keywords:
Carcinoma oesophagus, C-reactive proteins, DysphagiaAbstract
Background: Oesophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer around the world. EC incidence and mortality are affected by geography. Eastern Asia, eastern and southern Africa has the highest rates, whereas Europe and North America show lower rates.
Methods: The study was conducted on 30 cases of EC diagnosed in Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar. The study was carried during period starting from January 2017 to June 2018. Serum C - reactive protein levels measurement was made in addition to the other routine investigations.
Results: The sample consisted of 30 patients presenting with EC. Total number of males was 7 (23.33%) and there were 23 (76.66%) females. It was found in present study that the most common age group presenting with oesophageal cancer was 41-60 years followed by 61-80 years. It was also observed in the present study that majority of patients 15 (50%) were housewives. It was also observed that 17 (56.67%) of patients had more than 6 mg/l level of preoperative C-reactive proteins. Among the poorly differentiated histological grade patients 14 (73.68%) had high level of C-reactive proteins. Moreover hospital stay was also more among the patients having high pre-operative levels of C-reactive proteins (CRPs).
Conclusions: The prognosis for patients with preoperative serum elevation of CRP was significantly more unfavourable than that for patients without serum CRP elevation.
References
Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11-30.
Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB. Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations. Chinese J Cancer. 2012;31(6):281.
Akhtar S. Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(2):257-65.
Terry P, Lagergren J, Ye W, Nyrén O, Wolk A. Antioxidants and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Int J Cancer. 2000;87(5):750-4.
Decarli A, Liati P, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Vitamin A and other dietary factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1987;10(1-2):29-37.
Nomura AM, Ziegler RG, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH, Craft NE. Serum micronutrients and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(6):407-12.
La Vecchia C, Altieri A, Tavani A. Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40(6):261-7.
Kabat GC, Ng SK, Wynder EL. Tobacco, alcohol intake, and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Cancer Causes Control. 1993;4(2):123-32.
Weinhold B, Rüther U. Interleukin-6-dependent and independent regulation of the human C-reactive protein gene. Biochem J. 1997;327:425-9.
Nozoe T, Saeki H, Sugimachi K. Significance of pre-operative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of prognosis. Am J Surg. 2001;182(2):197-201.
Canna K, McArdle PA, McMillan DC, McNicol AM, Smith GW, McKee RF et al. The relationship between tumour T-lymphocyte infiltration, the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(4):651.
Chia-SIU Wang, Chien Feng Sun. C-Reactive protein and malignancy: Clinico-pathological association and therapeutic implication. Chang Gung Med J. 2009;32:471-82.
Haffty BG, Yang Q, Moran MS, Tan AR, Reiss M. Estrogen-dependent prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in early-stage invasive breast cancers treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Physics. 2008;71(4):1006-13.
Leu CM, Wong FH, Chang C, Huang SF, Hu CP. Interleukin-6 acts as an antiapoptotic factor in human esophageal carcinoma cells through the activation of both STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Oncogene. 2003;22:7809-18.
Deans DA, Wigmore SJ, Gilmour H, Paterson-Brown S, Ross JA, Fearon KC. Elevated tumour interleukin-1beta is associated with systemic inflammation: a marker of reduced survival in gastro-oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:1568-75.
Nozoe T, Korenaga D, Futatsugi M, Saeki H, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Immunohistochemical expression of C-reactive protein in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus—significance as a tumor marker. Cancer Lett. 2003;192:89-95.
Feng JF, Zhao HG, Liu JS, Chen QX. Significance of preoperative C-reactive protein as a parameter in patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Onco Targets Therap. 2013;6:1147.
Song ZB, Lin BC, Li B, He CX, Zhang BB, Shao L et al. Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of poor prognosis for early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(12):662-6.
Miyata H, Yamasaki M, Kurokawa Y, Takiguchi S, Nakajima K, Fujiwara Y, et al. Prognostic value of an inflammation-based score in patients undergoing pre-operative chemotherapy followed by surgery for esophageal cancer. Experimental Therap Med. 2011;2(5):879-85.
Huang W, Wu L, Liu X, Long H, Rong T, Ma G. Preoperative serum C-reactive protein levels and postoperative survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. J Cardiothoracic Surg. 2019;14(1).
Datta G, Gupta M, Rao N. Clinical profile of cases of dysphagia presenting in ENT department: a study from rural tertiary care centre. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;3(3):639-45.
Bhattacharyya N. The prevalence of dysphagia among adults in the United States. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(5):765-9.
Yang EJ, Kim MH, Lim JY, Paik NJ. Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in a community based elderly cohort: the Korean Longitudional study on health and ageing. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(10):1534-9.
Altman KW, Yu GP,Schaefer SD. Consequence of dysphagia in the hospitalized patient: impact on prognosis and hospital resources. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(8):784-9.