Hypospadias: a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20242149Keywords:
Hypospadia, Ureteral meatus, Ectopic position, Utheroplasty, Hormonal influenceAbstract
Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly, characterized by an alteration in the fusion of the ureteral meatus on the ventral aspect of the penis during embryogenesis. It presents with a classic triad of abnormal foreskin, penile curvature, and ureteral meatus in an ectopic position. Different types of hypospadias have been recorded, which will vary according to their severity and anatomical characteristics. Although its etiology has not been completely determined, it is known that it has a multifactorial origin, among which is genetic predisposition and has been associated with alterations in hormonal influence during pregnancy. An incidence of 1 in 200-300 male newborns has been reported. It has been associated with risk factors such as prenatal exposure to estrogens. It has been described concomitantly with other congenital anomalies such as Wilms tumor or aniridia. The initial management is surgical, which seeks penile anatomical correction and obtaining functional and aesthetic results. Currently, the surgical technique is recommended in a single surgical moment, which favors lower risks of complications. Prenatal diagnosis is of great importance with a post-birth evaluation to determine the type of hypospadias presenting and evaluate the most appropriate surgical approach. Surgical management must be accompanied by multidisciplinary management along with pediatrics and psychology, which resulted in a better physical and psychological outcome for the patient.
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